DOI: 10.53084/22209050_2024_30_85

Ye.V. Smykov
Deiotarus: the experience of the biography of a friend and ally of the Roman people on the background of the crisis epoch

Abstract: The article examines the biography of Deiotarus, the tetrarch of Tolistobogians and subsequently the first King of Galatia, one of Rome’s most important allies in the East in 1st century BC. References in the sources about him appear only in connection with the Third Mithridatic war, but there is reason to believe that he served the Romans already earlier. Apparently, he was one of those three tetrarchs that survived after the massacre of Galatian elite by Mithridates in 86 BC. This fact determined his position during the Mithridatic wars. For his help to the Romans he received new territories and the title of king; at the same time in Galatia he retained the traditional title of tetrarch. In the end, he managed to unite under his authority the territory of all three Galatian tribes. On his territory, he pursued a policy of hellenization, reorganized the army according to the Roman model. Deiotarus had wide connections among Roman nobility, including such figures as Caesar, Pompey, Cicero. During the Civil War, he supported Pompey, which brought upon himself the wrath of Caesar, and then Caesar in his fight with Pharnaces, the king of Pontus. Nevertheless, Caesar stripped him of his possessions. Discontent of the Roman dictator tried to use Castor, the grandson of Deiotarus, who accused his grandfather of preparing an attempt on Caesar during his stay in Galatia. The case in which Deiotarus advocated Cicero, was heard in Rome, in the house of Caesar, but the decision on it, most likely, Caesar did not have time to take. After the assassination of Caesar, Deiotarus supported Brutus and Cassius, but then, before the second battle of Philippi, his troops crossed over to the side of the triumvirs. Deiotarus himself, who was already very old, died shortly afterward. The result of his activity was the appearance on the political map of Asia the single state Galatia, the strongest in the region at that time.

Keywords: Deiotarus, tetrarch, Galatia, Mithridatic Wars, ally of the Roman people, hellenization of Galatia, Pompey, Caesar, Cicero, trial of king Deiotarus

To cite this article: Smykov Ye.V. Deiotarus: the experience of the biography of a friend and ally of the Roman people on the background of the crisis epoch. Aristeas XXX (2024): 85–141.

References:
Abramzon M. G. 2005: Rimskoe vladychestvo na Vostoke: Rim i Kilikiya (II v. do n. e. – 74 g. n. e.) [Roman rule in the East: Rome and Cilicia (II century BC – 74 AD)]. Saint Petersburg.
Абрамзон М.Г. Римское владычество на Востоке: Рим и Киликия (II в. до н. э. – 74 г. н. э.). СПб., 2005.
Adcock F.E.1932: The Civil War. САН 1st ed. IX: 638–690.
Adcock F.E. 1937: Lesser Armenia and Galatia after Pompey’s Settlement of the East. JRS 27: 12–17.
Bartoshek M. 1989: Rimskoe pravo: Ponyatiya, terminy, opredeleniya [Roman Law: Concepts, terms, definitions]. Moscow.
Бартошек М. Римское право: понятия, термины, определения. М., 1989.
Bellemore J. 1995: Cato the Younger in the East in 66 B.C. Historia 44/3: 376–379.
Bittner A. 1998: Vybor mezhdu Stsilloy I Charibdoy. Gerakleya Pontiyskaya v bor’be Rima s Mitridatom VI [The choice is between Scylla and Charybdis. Heraclea of Pontus in Rome’s struggle with Mithridates VI]. In: Frolov E.D. (ed.). Anticnyy mir. Problemy istorii i kul’tury [The Ancient World: Problems of History and culture]. Saint Petersburg.
Биттнер А. Выбор между Сциллой и Харибдой. Гераклея Понтийская в борьбе Рима с Митридатом VI. В кн.: Фролов Э.Д. (отв. ред.). Античный мир: Проблемы истории и культуры. СПб., 1998. 236–248.
Botermann H. 1992: Die Generalabrechnung mit dem Tyrannen. Ciceros Rede für den König Deiotarus. Gymnasium 99: 320–344.
Bringmann K. 1986: Der Dictator Caesar als Richter? Zu Ciceros Reden „Pro Ligario“ und „Pro rege Deiotaro. Hermes 114/1: 72–88.
Brandis C.G. 1897: Bosporos (3). RE 3/1: 757–789.
Braund D. 1984: Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship. London; Canberra; New York.
Broughton T.R.S. 1938: Roman Asia // ESAR 4: 499–916.
Buchheim H. 1960: Die Orientpolitik des Triumvirn M. Antonius. Heidelberg.
Callataÿ F. de. 1997: L’histoire des guerres Mithridatiques vue par les monnaies. Louvain-la-Neuve.
Chiglintsev E.A. 2009: Retseptsiya antichnosti v cul’ture kontsa XIX – hachala XX vv. [Reception of antiquity in the culture of the late XIX – early XXI centuries.]. Kazan’.
Чиглинцев Е.А. Рецепция античности в культуре конца XIX – начала ХХI вв. Казань, 2009.
Coşkun A. 2004: Die tetrarchische Verfassung der Galater und die Neuordnung des Ostens durch Pompeius (Strab. geogr. 12,5,1 / App. Mithr. 560). In: Heftner H., Tomaschitz K. (Hrsgg.). Ad fontes! Festschrift für Gerhard Dobesch zum fünfundsechzigsten Geburtstag am 15. September 2004; dargebracht von Kollegen, Schülern und Freunden. Wien: 687–711.
Coşkun A. 2005: Amicitiae und politische Ambitionen im Kontext der causa Deiotariana. In: Coşkun A. (Hrsg.). Roms auswärtige Freunde in der späten Republik und im frühen Prinzipat. Göttingen: 127–154.
Coşkun A. 2013: War der Galaterkönig Deiotaros ein Städtegründer? Neue Vorschläge zu einigen kleinasiatischen Toponymen auf Sin-/Syn-. Gephyra 10: 152–162.
Coşkun A. 2019: The ‘Temple State’ of Phrygian Pessinus in the Context of Seleucid, Attalid, Galatian and Roman Hegemonic Politics (3rd–1st Centuries BC) In: Tsetskhladze G.R. (ed.). Phrygia in Antiquity: From the Bronze Age to the Byzantine Period. Proceedings of an International Conference ‘The Phrygian Lands over Time: From Prehistory to the Middle of the 1st Millennium AD’, held at Anadolu University, Eskişehir, Turkey, 2nd–8th November, 2015. Leuven; Paris; Bristol: 607-648.
Darbyshire G., Mitchell S., Levent V. 2000: The Galatian Settlement in Asia Minor. AS 50: 75–97.
Drumann W., Groebe P. 1902: Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung. 2. Aufl. Bd. II. Leipzig.
Drumann W., Groebe P. 1906: Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung. 2. Aufl. Bd. III. Leipzig.
Drumann W., Groebe P. 1908: Geschichte Roms in seinem Übergange von der republikanischen zur monarchischen Verfassung. 2. Aufl. Bd. IV. Leipzig.
Etienne R. 2003: Tsesar’ [Caesar]. Moscow.
Этьен Р. Цезарь. М., 2003.
Fabricius W. 1888: Theophanes von Mytilene und Quintus Dellius als Quellen der Geographie des Strabon. Strassburg.
Fausset W.Y. 1893: Fausset W.Y. (tarns. and introd.). Cicero. Orationes Caesarianae: Pro Marcello, Pro Ligario, Pro rege Deiotaro. Pt. 2. Notes. Oxford.
Ferrero G. 1997: Velichie i padenie Rima. Kn. 1 [The greatness and fall of Rome. Book 1 (Vols. 1–2)]. Saint Petersburg.
Ферреро Г. Величие и падение Рима. Кн. 1 (т. 1-2). СПб., 1997.
Fischer R.A. 1999: Fulvia und Octavia. Die beiden Ehefrauen des Marcus Antonius in den politischen Kämpfen der Umbruchszeit zwischen Republik und Prinzipat. Berlin.
Gabelko O. L. 2005: Istoriya Vifinskogo tsarstva [The history of the Bithynian Kingdom].
Saint Petersburg.
Габелко О.Л. История Вифинского царства. СПб., 2005.
Gaidukevich V.F. 1949: Bosporskoe tsarstvo [The Bosporan Kingdom]. Moscow; Leningrad.
Гайдукевич В.Ф. Боспорское царство. М.; Л., 1949.
Gelzer M. 1926a: L. Licinius Lucullus (104). RE 13/1: 376–414.
Gelzer M. 1926b: M. Licinius Crassus Dives (68). RE 13/1: 295–331.
Geyer F. 1932a: Mithridates VI. Eupator Dionysos (12). RE 15/2: 2163–2205.
Geyer F. 1932b: Mithridates (15). RE 15/2: 2205–2206.
Gotoff H.C. 2002: Cicero’s Caesarian Orations. In: May J.M. (ed.). Brill’s Companion to Cicero. Oratory and Rhetoric. Leiden; Boston; Köln: 219–272.
Grabar’-Passek M.E. 1959: Tsitseron [Cicero]. In: Sobolevsky et al. (eds.). Istoriya rimskoy literatury. T. 1 [The History of Roman Literature. Vol. 1]. Moscow.
Грабарь-Пассек М.Е. Цицерон. В кн.: Соболевский С.И. и др. (редд.). История римской литературы. Т. 1. М., 1959. 178–233.
Greenidge A.H.J. 1901: The Legal Procedure of Cicero’s Time. Oxford.
Head B.V. 1911: Historia Numorum. A Manuel of Greek Numismatics. 2nd ed. Oxford.
Heinen H. 1994: Mithridates von Pergamon und Caesars bosporanische Pläne. Zur Interpretation von Bellum Alexandrinum 78. In: Günther R., Rebenich S. (Hrsgg.). E fontibus haurire. Paderborn: 63–79.
Heitland W.E. 1923: The Roman Republic. Vol. III. Cambridge.
Hillmann T.P. 1996: Pompeius ad Parthos? Klio 78: 380–399.
Hoben W. 1969: Untersuchungen zur Stellung kleinasiatischer Dynasten in den Machtkämpfen der ausgehenden Republik. Mainz.
Holmes T.R. 1923: The Roman Republic and the Founder of the Empire. Vols. I–III. New York.
Janke M. 1963: Historische Untersuchungen zu Memnon von Herakleia. Kap. 18–40, FgrHist Nr. 434. Diss… Würzburg.
Jones A.H.M. 1937: The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces. Oxford.
Judeich W. 1885: Caesar im Orient. Kritische Übersicht der Ereignisse von 9. August 48 bis October 47. Leipzig.
Kashcheev V.I. 1993: Ellinisticheskiy mir i Rim: Voyna, mir i diplomatiya v 220–146 godach do n. e. [The Hellenistic World and Rome: War, Peace and Diplomacy in 220–146 BC]. Moscow.
Кащеев В.И. Эллинистический мир и Рим: Война, мир и дипломатия в 220–146 годах до н. э. М, 1993.
Knabe G. S. 1994: Rim Tita Liviya – obraz, mif, istoriya [Titus Livy’s Rome – image, myth, history]. In: Golubtsova E.S. (ed.). Tit Liviy. Istoriya Rima ot osnovaniya goroda. V 3-ch tomach. T. 3 [Titus Livius. The history of Rome from the founding of the city. In 3 vols. Vol. 3]. Moscow. 590–665.
Кнабе Г. С. Рим Тита Ливия – образ, миф, история. В кн.: Голубцова Е.С. (отв. ред.). Тит Ливий. История Рима от основания города. В 3-х т. Т. 3. М., 1994. 590–665.
Kubitschek W. 1919: Kastor (8) von Rhodos. RE 10/2: 2347–2357.
Kulikov A.V. 2004: Vostochnaya politika Rima I politicheskaya bor’ba v Rimskoy respublike (II–I vv. do n. e.) [The Oriental politics of Rome and the political struggle in the Roman Republic (II–I centuries BC)]. Pskov.
Куликов А.В. Восточная политика Рима и политическая борьба в Римской республике (II–I вв. до н. э). Псков, 2004.
Liebmann-Frankfort Th. 1969: La frontière orientale dans la politique extérieure de la République romaine depuis le traité d’Apamée jusqu’ à la fin des conquêtes asiatiques de Pompée (189/8–63). Bruxelles.
Lob M. 1952: Lob M. (établi et trad.). Cicéron: Discours. T. XVIII: Pour Marcellus, pour Ligarius, pour le roi Déjotarus. Paris.
MacKendrick P.L. 1995: The Speeches of Cicero. Context, Law, Rhetoric, with the technical assistance of E.L. Bennett, Jr. London.
Magie D. 1950: Roman Rule in the Asia Minor. Vols. I–II. Princeton.
McGing B.G. 1986: The Foreign Policy of Mithridates VI Eupator, King of Pontos. Leiden.
Mitchell S. 1993: Anatolia. Land, Men, and Gods in Asia Minor. Vol. I. The Celts in Anatolia and the Impact of Roman Rule. Oxford.
Mommsen T. 1995: Istoriya Rima. T. 3 [The History of Rome. Vol. 3]. Saint Petersburg.
Моммзен Т. История Рима. Т. 3. СПб., 1995.
Münzer F. 1905: Dumnorix. RE. 5/2: 1792.
Niese B. 1887: Straboniana. RhM 42: 559–581.
Niese B. 1901: Deiotarus (2). RE 4/2: 2401–2403.
Olshausen E. 1979: Pessinus. DKP. 4: 666–667.
Ormerod H.A. 1922: The Campaigns of Servilius Isauricus against the Pirates. JRS 12: 35–56.
Ormerod H.A., Cary M. 1932: Rome and the East. САН. 1st ed. IX: 350–396.
Panov A.R. 2003: Rim i Bospor: protivostoyanie ili sotrudnichestvo? (Bosporsko-rimskie otnosheniya v I v. do n. e. – pervoy polovine I v. n. e.) [Rome and Bosporus: confrontation or cooperation? (Bosporan-Roman relations in the 1st century BC – the first half of the 1st century AD)]. Nizhniy Novgorod.
Панов А.Р. Рим и Боспор: противостояние или сотрудничество? (Боспорско-римские отношения в I в. до н. э. – первой половине I в. н. э.). Н. Новгород, 2003.
Plutarco 1993: Bertinelli M.G.A., Carena C., Manfredini M., Piccirilli L. Plutarco. Le vite di Nicia e di Crasso. Bologna.
Ramsay W.M. 1899: Historical Commentary on St. Paul’s Epistle to the Galatians. London.
Ramsay W.M. 1941: The Social Basis of Roman Power in Asia Minor. Aberdeen.
Rawson E.D. 1973: The Eastern Clientelae of Clodius and the Claudii. Historia 22/2: 219–239.
Reinach Th. 1895: Mithradates Eupator, König von Pontos. Leipzig.
Reinach Th. 1902: L’histoire par les monnaies. Essais de numismatique ancienne. Paris.
Ritter H.W. 1969: Caesars erstes Zusammentreffen mit Deiotarus. Historia 18/2: 255–256.
Ritter H.W. 1970: Caesars Verfügung über Kleinarmenien im Jahre 47. Historia 19/1: 124–128.
Ritterling E. 1925: Legio. RE 12/2: 1329–1829.
Ruge W. 1937: Pessinus. RE. 19/1: 1104–1113.
Sands P. 1908: The Client Princes of the Roman Empire under the Republic. Cambridge.
Saprykin S.Yu. 1986: Gerakleya Pontiyskaya i Khersones Tavricheskiy. Vzaimootnosheniya kolonii i metropolii v VI–I vv. do n. e. [Heraclea of Pontus and Tauric Chersonesos. The relationship between the metropolis and the colony in the VI–I centuries BC]. Moscow.
Сапрыкин С.Ю. Гераклея Понтийская и Херсонес Таврический. Взаимоотношения метрополии и колонии в VI–I вв. до н. э. М., 1986.
Saprykin S.Yu. 1992: Structura zemel’nych otnosheniy v Pontiyskom tsarstve [The structure of land relations in the Kingdom of Pontus]. In: Golubtsova E.S. (ed.). Ellinism: Vostok i Zapad [Hellenism: East and West]. Moscow. 85-114.
Сапрыкин С.Ю. Структура земельных отношений в Понтийском царстве. В кн.: Голубцова Е.С. (отв. ред.). Эллинизм: Восток и Запад. М., 1992. 85–114.
Saprykin S.Yu. 2002: Bosporskoe tsarstvo na rubezhe dvuch epoch [The Kingdom of Bosporus on the verge of two epochs]. Moscow.
Сапрыкин С.Ю. Боспорское царство на рубеже двух эпох. М., 2002.
Seager R. 2002: Pompey the Great. A Political Biography. Oxford.
Seel O. 1961: Cicero. Wort. Staat. Welt. 2. Aufl. Stuttgart.
Sherwin-White A.N. 1984: Roman Foreign Policy in the East. 168 B.C. to A.D. 1. London.
Smykov Ye.V. 2007: Posle Karr: rimsko-parfyanskoe protivostoyanie v Sirii v 53–50 gg. do n. e. [After the Defeat near Carrhae: the confrontation between Rome and Parthia in Syria in 53–50 BC.]. In: Iz istorii anticnogo obshchestva. Vyp. 9–10 [From the history of ancient society. Vol. 9–10]. Nizhniy Novgorod. 312–322.
Смыков Е.В. После Карр: римско-парфянское противостояние в Сирии в 53–50 гг. до н. э. В кн.: ИИАО Вып. 9–10. Н. Новгород, 2007. 312–322.
Stähelin F. 1907: Geschichte der kleinasiatischen Galater. 2. Aufl. Leipzig.
Stähelin F. 1937: Tolistobogioi. RE. Rh. 2 6/2: 1673–1677.
Sturm J. 1936: Nicopolis (8). RE 17/1: 536–538.
Sullivan R.D. 1990: Near Eastern Royalty and Rome, 100–30 BC. Toronto; Buffalo; London.
Syme R. 1995а: Deiotarus. In: Syme R. Anatolica. Studies in Strabo. Oxford: 127–136.
Syme R. 1995b: The Status of Armenia Minor. In: Syme R. Anatolica. Studies in Strabo. Oxford: 137–143.
Timpe D. 1962: Die Bedeutung der Schlacht von Carrhae. MH 19: 104–129.
Unger G.F. 1896: Umfang und Anordnung der Geschichte des Poseidonios. Philologus 55: 73–122, 245–256.
Utchenko S.L. 1976: Yuliy Tsezar’ [Julius Caesar]. Moscow.
Утченко С.Л. Юлий Цезарь. М., 1976.
Volkmann H. 1979: Deiotarus. DKP I: 1431–1432.
von Sallet A. 1885: Beiträge zur antiken Münzkunde. ZfN 12: 358–386.
Will É. 1982: Histoire politique du monde hellénistique (323–30 av. J.-C.). 2nd éd. Vol. II. Nancy.
Yaylenko V.P. 2010: Dinasticheskaya istoriya Bospora ot Mitridata Evpatora do Kotisa I [The dynastic history of Bosporus from Mithridates Eupator to Kotis I]. In: Yaylenko V.P. Tysyacheletniy Bosporskiy reich. Istotiya i epigrafika Bospora v VI v.do n. e. – V v. n. e. [A Thousand-Year Bosporan Reich. The history and epigraphy of the Bosporus VI century BC – V century AD.]. Moscow. 221–276.
Яйленко В.П. Династическая история Боспора от Митридата Евпатора до Котиса I. В кн.: Яйленко В.П. Тысячелетний боспорский рейх. История и эпиграфика Боспора в VI в. до н. э. – V в. н. э. М., 2010. 221–276.
Yoshimura T. 1961: Die Auxiliartruppen und die Provinzialklientel in der römischen Republik. Historia 10/4: 473–495.
Zwintscher A. 1892: De Galatorum tetrarchis et Amynta rege quaestiones. Diss… Leipzig (non vidi).


Author:
Yevgeny V. Smykov